India's Population Challenges The United Nations (UN) reports that the world's population stood at about 6.5 billion in 2005, and is growing at about 1.2% each year. The UN projects that by 2050 there will be 9.1 billion people populating the planet, which as a stand-alone statistic is somewhat frightening, given that rapid growth is expected "in a group of 50 countries classified as the lease developed" (UN, 2005, p. 1). Between the years 2000 and 2005, about 76 million persons were added to the world's population each year, and India was responsible for 22% of that population growth (China added 11%). Indeed India is expected to overtake China "as the most populous country in the world by 2030" (UN). India added about 16.5 million people per year in the 2000-2005 period, while China adds only about 8.4 million people per year in that same window of time, the UN reports. What are the problems India faces that are associated with its fast-growing population? This paper reviews those problems and issues through the available literature.

The Literature on India and its Population Explosion

An article in the International Conference on Mathematical Biology (Thukral, et al., 2008) reports that due to India's "…fast depleting resources" it is "mandatory" that India begin to bring its exploding population under control. A better standard of living for the estimated 1,155,347,700 individuals living in India (World Bank, 2009, www.google.com/publicdata).

can only be achieved if population growth is brought under control, Thukral writes (p. 137).

This strategy will require "regulating the instantaneous specific growth rate through rigorous family planning measures," Thukral continues (138). The authors explain that it is "disturbing" to realize...

What has been responsible for this decline in females vs. males? "The preference for the male child in India" is the answer, Thukral explains on page 140. The trend now needs to be towards more women than men, "for a balanced social development," Thukral continues (140).
Is this a new problem for India? Clearly it is not a new problem. Indeed, writing in Acta Sociologica in 1976 Maja Naur explains that on August 15, 1974, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced to her people that "India had a serious overpopulation problem" (Naur, 1976, p. 140). Naur reports on how India was dealing with its explosive population in the 1970s. Over the previous 20 years, Naur explains, India has had family planning programs and Family Planning Ministers. India spent over a million dollars on a marketing campaign for condoms, Naur points out. Also, when men agreed to be sterilized, they were given gifts like transistor radios, saris, and money. If a sterilized man could coax a male friend to also get a vasectomy -- depending on how many men he could bring to the clinics -- he was rewarded with a bicycle, or an umbrella, or a "clockwatch" (Naur, 141).

Obviously these gimmicks have not worked the way they were intended to work. Even though the Indian government put on festivals -- where up to 223,000 men were given vasectomies -- and gave money to the men, which ultimately led to the sterilization of 11 million men in the 1970s, it has not resulted in a marked reduction in births, Naur explains on page 142.

Eight years before Naur's article was published, Foreign Affairs reported that India's population…